‘The Jhang of Abdus Salam’ By Muhammad Hassan Miraj

For whom the bell tolls

Worth reading article on Abdus Salam, Nobel Prize winner. Mirza Ashraf referred to this article in one of his e-mails. ( F. Sheikh)

Some excerpts;

Other than Sultan and Chander Bhan, Jhang has references which the national history has chosen to forget. One such reference is Dr Abdus Salam, who is intentionally being erased from public memory, unfortunately, on accounts of religion. Official historians stumble upon his reference much similarly as they deal with the chapter of genetics in advanced biology textbooks; staple it and think it forgotten.

Born in the small dwellings of Santok Das, Abdus Salam spent most of his childhood in Jhang. His grandfather was a religious scholar and his father was an employee in the education department and so, it was the mainstay in Abdus Salam’s household. There are rumours that his parents saw a dream forewarning them about his illustrious career and then there are stories about him being taken to school for admission in the first grade but qualifying for the fourth grade instead. Regardless of these anecdotes, his academic life was indeed, a matter of honor. When anyone inquired about his young age and distinction in examinations, he simply raised his finger and pointed towards the sky, attributing it towards Allah. Those were the times of the Raj and religion was a private affair, rather than now when it is determined by parliamentary committees under the influence of protests.

Despite his love for literature, Salam took up sciences when he joined college. He opted for this route for qualifying for ICS, a job much envied by his family but after being turned down on medical grounds; he decided to pursue further education. Cambridge University, those days, offered scholarships for which Abdus Salam applied, despite his frail economic conditions. Between the benevolence of Sir Choto Ram, a minister in the Punjab Government and Abdus Salam’s luck, a candidate dropped off from the final list. The much desired Cambridge scholarship, for which people applied for months in advance and prayed for days, now belonged to him. That year, when people across the world arrived at Cambridge with their expensive effects, a young man from Jhang with his sole steel trunk was also amongst them.

Click link to read full article;

http://dawn.com/news/1022040/the-jhang-of-abdus-salam/?commentPage=1&storyPage=1

( Posted by F. Sheikh)

TODAY’S MEETING & ’17 EQUATIONS THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF HUMANITY’ By Max Nisen

Today’s presentation by eight year old Mr. Raumaan Ahmad Kidwai at Thinkers Forum meeting was amazing. He spoke about fundamentals of force, Newtons’ theory of Gravity, Einstein’s theory of Relativity, Quantum physics, Black Hole and string theory. It was not memorizing the formulas and just recite them, but this gifted child has the full concept of these difficult topics and answered questions about the significance and applications of these concepts.

The above article is partially related to what we discussed in the Forum meeting today.Today’s participant at the meeting may enjoy it reading and may be easier to understand it after listening to Mr. Rauman. May be in another meeting we ask Raumann to shed light on these 17 formulas who changed the course of humanity.   ( F. Sheikh)

DNU

 

Mathematician Ian Stewart’s recent book “In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World” takes a close look at some of the most important equations of all time.

A great example of the human impact of math is the financial crisis. Black Scholes, number 17 on this list, is a derivative pricing equation that played a role.

“It’s actually a fairly simple equation, mathematically speaking,” Professor Stewart told Business Insider. “What caused trouble was the complexity of the system the mathematics was intended to model.”

Numbers have power. In this case, people depended on a theoretical equation too seriously and overreached its assumptions.

Without the equations on this list, we wouldn’t have GPS, computers, passenger jets, or countless inventions in between.

The Pythagorean Theorem

The Pythagorean Theorem

What does it mean: The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the SUM of the squares of its legs.

History: Attributed to Pythagoras, it isn’t certain that he first proved it. The first clear proof came from Euclid, and it is possible the concept was known 1000 years before Pythoragas by the Babylonians.

Importance: The equation is at the core of geometry, links it with algebra, and is the foundation of trigonometry. Without it, accurate surveying, mapmaking, and navigation would be impossible.

Modern use: Triangulation is used to this day to pinpoint relative location for GPS navigation.

Source: In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World

The logarithm and its identities

The logarithm and its identities

What does it mean: You can multiply numbers by adding related numbers.

History: The initial concept was discovered by the Scottish Laird John Napier of Merchiston in an effort to make the multiplication of large numbers, then incredibly tedious and time consuming, easier and faster. It was later refined by Henry Briggs to make reference tables easier to calculate and more useful.

Importance: Logarithms were revolutionary, making calculation faster and more accurate for engineers and astronomers. That’s less important with the advent of computers, but they’re still an essential to scientists.

Modern use: Logarithms still inform our understanding of radioactive decay.

Source: In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World

The fundamental theorem of calculus

The fundamental theorem of calculus

What does it mean?: Allows the calculation of an instantaneous rate of change.

History: Calculus as we currently know it was described around the same in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. There was a lengthy debate over plagiarism and priority which may never be resolved. We use the leaps of logic and parts of the notation of both men today.

Importance: According to Stewart, “More than any other mathematical technique, it has created the modern world.” Calculus is essential in our understanding of how to measure solids, curves, and areas. It is the foundation of many natural laws, and the source of differential equations.

Modern use: Any mathematical problem where an optimal solution is required. Essential to medicine, economics, and computer science.

Source: In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World

Newton’s universal law of gravitation

Newton's universal law of gravitation

What does it mean?: Calculates the force of gravity between two objects.

History: Isaac Newton derived his laws with help from earlier work by Johannes Kepler. He also used, and possibly plagiarized the work of Robert Hooke.

Importance: Used techniques of calculus to describe how the world works. Even though it was later supplanted by Einstein’s theory of relativity, it is still essential for practical description of how objects interact with each other. We use it to this day to design orbits for satellites and probes.

Value: When we launch space missions, the equation is used to find optimal gravitational “tubes” or pathways so they can be as energy efficient as possible. Also makes satellite TV possible.

Source: In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World

The origin of complex numbers

The origin of complex numbers

What does it mean?: The square of an imaginary number is negative.   

History: Imaginary numbers were originally posited by famed gambler/mathematician Girolamo Cardano, then expanded by Rafael Bombelli and John Wallis. They still existed as a peculiar, but essential problem in math until William Hamilton described this definition.

Importance: According to Stewart “…. most modern technology, from electric lighting to digital cameras could not have been invented without them.” Imaginary numbers allow for complex analysis, which allows engineers to solve practical problems working in the plane.

Modern use: Used broadly in electrical engineering and complex mathematic theory.

Source: In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World

Euler’s formula for polyhedra

Euler's formula for polyhedra

What does it mean?: Describes a space’s shape or structure regardless of alignment.

History: The relationship was first described by Descartes, then refined, proved, and published by Leonhard Euler in 1750.

Importance: Fundamental  to the development of topography, which extends geometry to any continuous surface. An essential tool for engineers and biologists.

Modern use: Topography is used to understand the behavior and function of DNA.

Source: In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World

Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/17-equations-that-changed-the-world-2013-1?op=1#ixzz2XkMz0kmx

Posted By F. Sheikh

The Most Dangerous Threat to the World Is … Collective Psychosis in Pakistan?

Yikes. Islamabad’s former ambassador to the United States puts a provocative frame around a nuanced analysis of his home country.

It may not be the most dangerous place in the world, but, with its mix of political instability and nuclear capability, it’s plausibly the most dangerous place for the world. Yet according to Husain Haqqani, Americans have a chronically hard time understanding why.

“I do believe that Pakistan is a dangerous place,” Haqqani said, speaking withThe Washington Post‘s David Ignatius and retired U.S. general Stanley McChrystal at the Aspen Ideas Festival today, “but … not for the reasons the Americans think it is. The Americans don’t get Pakistan.”

Haqqani, who served as Pakistan’s ambassador to Washington from 2008-2011, thinks that U.S. diplomats and military leaders have, after decades of on-again, off-again engagement with Pakistani officials, internalized a distorted sense of possibility in the United States’ involvement in Pakistan as a whole.

Haqqani believes that Islamabad’s generals in particular have played a big role over time in flattering Americans’ sense of efficacy in Pakistan — and seems to believe that U.S. generals have been particularly susceptible to being misled, tending to see Pakistan’s military leaders as their apolitical counterparts, rather than “politicians in uniform.” It’s not that American officials’ thinking about Pakistan is insufficiently complex, according to Haqqani (McChrystal, after all, had just emphasized the importance of not looking for simple fixes in Pakistan); it’s that American officials’ thinking about Pakistan serially overestimates the United States’ ability to promote stability and development in the country at all.

U.S. foreign policy naturally looks for levers to pull. But what if, despite all the complexity among all the issues where the U.S. has been looking for levers, there is, after all, a central, defining issue with no lever connected to it? “It’s not America’s problem to solve Pakistan’s problem,” Haqqani said. “It’s Pakistan’s problem to solve Pakistan’s problem.”

So what’s the problem?

Click link to read full article;

http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/the-most-dangerous-threat-to-the-world-is-collective-psychosis-in-pakistan/277298/

Posted By F. Sheikh

Doubt and Questioning as the Foundation of Faith

Shared by Dr. Shoeb Amin

I am submitting a link to a video of 13 minutes length which i found very interesting.  It is amazing to me how someone can talk for that long with such clarity of thought and speech on a subject as complex as the one she is discussing. The subject is about doubt and questioning in the formation of your belief system. The author has written another biography about prophet Mohammed and in this video she describes the prophet’s state of mind – including questioning if this was really true or was it really divine – after he received the message. It then makes a case for the current day suicide bombers to start questioning their logic and belief that heaven awaits them after killing innocents.

Shoeb