The Data That Threatened To Break The Physics

Ereditato is the former leader of the 160 physicists from 13 countries that compose the OPERA collaboration, whose goal is to study neutrino physics. It was first proposed in 2000, and Ereditato led it from 2008 to 2012. Then in late winter of 2011, the impossible seemed to happen. “The guy who is looking at the data calls me,” Ereditato tells me from my computer screen. “He says, ‘I see something strange.’ ” What he saw was evidence that neutrinos traveled through 454 miles of Earth’s crust, from Switzerland to Italy—which they are supposed to do—at such a high speed that they arrived 60.7 nanoseconds faster than light could travel that distance in outer space—which should have been impossible.

Over the last century, Einstein’s observation that no massive object can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum, enshrined in his theory of special relativity, has become a keystone of how we understand the universe. If the OPERA measurement was correct, it would mark the first-ever violation of that theory: An atom bomb in the heart of our understanding of the universe.

I ask Ereditato if he thought it must have been a mistake. “I don’t think it’s fair to say this,” Ereditato tells me. “If we say that, we bias our analysis. So when we got this indication that something was so astonishing, the first reaction was, well, let’s find why this is so.”

Wolfgang Pauli postulated the existence of neutrinos in 1930 to solve a simple problem. When nuclei undergo beta decay through the emission of an electron or a positron, the electron’s antimatter equivalent, something is missing. Either something invisible is emitted along with the electron or positron, or energy must disappear. Since no repeatable experiment of anything flying, falling, moving, colliding, decaying, or staying put had ever seen energy disappear, Pauli proposed the neutrino, an invisible particle with all the properties necessary to bring beta decay into accord with the first law of thermodynamics. By invisible, I mean that when neutrinos pass through matter they rarely leave a trace. So rarely that it took almost 30 years before an experiment (by Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan) found physical evidence of them.

Today, neutrinos are an integral part of the Standard Model’s periodic table of particle physics. Here you’ll find the particles that make up matter listed in pairs separated into three categories: electron neutrinos are paired with electrons, muon neutrinos with muons, and tau neutrinos with, you guessed it, taus. Neutrinos can morph from one flavor into another. For example, an electron neutrino can oscillate into a muon neutrino, and a muon neutrino can flip into a tau neutrino. “Neutrino oscillations are the first indication of physics beyond the Standard Model,” Ereditato tells me. Laughing, he adds, “That’s the reason why I like neutrinos.”

http://nautil.us/issue/24/error/the-data-that-threatened-to-break-physics

posted by f. sheikh

‘Day Care And  Childhood Cancer’ By  Warren Cornwall 

For years, scientists have noticed an interesting pattern of cancer among children. Those who went to day care early in life were less likely to later develop the most common childhood cancer: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Now, a 7-year study appears to have unraveled the molecular mechanism driving ALL. The work may explain why early exposure to infections in places such as day cares seems to protect against the disease and why unrelated vaccines help guard against this cancer.

For Mel Greaves, a cancer cell biologist at the University of London’s Institute of Cancer Research, the finding provides an explanation for the hypothesis he has long promoted: that when infants in modern societies are sheltered from routine infections, their immune systems are more likely to overreact during later infections, paving the way for ALL. “I see it as the missing link,” he says of the new research.

Most childhood ALL involves a malfunction of B cells, the scouts of the immune system that patrol the bloodstream looking for intruders like viruses and bacteria; they make antibodies that help fight infections. But with leukemia, the immune system goes haywire, churning out flawed, immature B cells at a prodigious rate and crowding out healthy blood cells.

Normal B cells are a marvel of adaptability. As they mature, they reprogram their own DNA, enabling the immune system to produce millions of different B cells programmed to recognize the vast range of potential infections. The DNA rearrangement relies on a sequence of enzymes. First, proteins known as RAGs cut and paste whole chunks of DNA. After that, another enzyme, AID, goes to work “fine-tuning” the DNA by altering single nucleotides.

But Greaves and colleagues suspected this process could go awry, introducing mutations that create flawed B cells that could cause leukemia. In a series of experiments, they found evidence that much of the problem lay with a breakdown in the orderly sequence of gene editing during infections. Rather than the RAGs doing their business and then stepping aside for the AID, the AID kicked in simultaneously, potentially increasing the risk of gene-editing errors. Click link below for full article;

http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/05/study-may-explain-mysterious-cancer-day-care-connection

posted by f. sheikh

Top Five Misquotations Of The Quran – MuslimMatters.org; submitted by Tahir Mahmood

The recent surge in negative sentiments towards Islam and Muslims has resulted in many attempts to depict the religion as inherently violent. This has also resulted in absurd accusations against the Qur’an. What are the five most frequently misquoted passages in the Qur’an? Do accusations of violence stand up to academic scrutiny, or are the verses being distorted to suggest the opposite of what they actually say?

http://muslimmatters.org/2014/11/13/top-five-misquotations-of-the-quran/

 

The Other Version of Killing of Osama Bin Laden” By Seymour Hersch shared by S. Rizvi

We usually don’t post articles related to current headline news; this is an exception because of its importance. You decide if it is “hogwash” or not.

“The Other Version of Killing of
Osama Bin Laden” By Seymour Hersch
Seymour Hirsch is a Pulitzer Prize
winner investigative journalist.
(Shared By Sohail Rizvi)
It’s been four years since a group of US Navy Seals
assassinated Osama bin Laden in a night raid on a high-walled compound in
Abbottabad, Pakistan. The killing was the high point of Obama’s first term, and
a major factor in his re-election. The White House still maintains that the
mission was an all-American affair, and that the senior generals of Pakistan’s
army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency (ISI) were not told of the raid in
advance. This is false, as are many other elements of the Obama
administration’s account. The White House’s story might have been written by
Lewis Carroll: would bin Laden, target of a massive international manhunt,
really decide that a resort town forty miles from Islamabad would be the safest
place to live and command al-Qaida’s operations? He was hiding in the open. So
America said.

The most
blatant lie was that Pakistan’s two most senior military leaders – General
Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, chief of the army staff, and General Ahmed Shuja Pasha,
director general of the ISI – were never informed of the US mission. This
remains the White House position despite an array of reports that have raised
questions, including one by Carlotta Gall in the New York Times Magazine of 19 March 2014. Gall, who spent 12 years as
the Times correspondent
in Afghanistan, wrote that she’d been told by a ‘Pakistani official’ that Pasha
had known before the raid that bin Laden was in Abbottabad. The story was
denied by US and Pakistani officials, and went no further. In his book Pakistan: Before and after Osama (2012), Imtiaz Gul, executive director of the
Centre for Research and Security Studies, a think tank in Islamabad, wrote that
he’d spoken to four undercover intelligence officers who – reflecting a widely
held local view – asserted that the Pakistani military must have had knowledge
of the operation. The issue was raised again in February, when a retired
general, Asad Durrani, who was head of the ISI in the early 1990s, told an
al-Jazeera interviewer that it was ‘quite possible’ that the senior officers of
the ISI did not know where bin Laden had been hiding, ‘but it was more probable
that they did [know]. And the idea was that, at the right time, his location
would be revealed. And the right time would have been when you can get the
necessary quid pro quo – if you have someone like Osama bin Laden, you are not
going to simply hand him over to the United States.’

This spring I contacted Durrani and told him in detail what I had learned about the
bin Laden assault from American sources: that bin Laden had been a prisoner of
the ISI at the Abbottabad compound since 2006; that Kayani and Pasha knew of
the raid in advance and had made sure that the two helicopters delivering the
Seals to Abbottabad could cross Pakistani airspace without triggering any
alarms; that the CIA did not learn of bin Laden’s whereabouts by tracking his couriers,
as the White House has claimed since May 2011, but from a former senior
Pakistani intelligence officer who betrayed the secret in return for much of
the $25 million reward offered by the US, and that, while Obama did order the
raid and the Seal team did carry it out, many other aspects of the
administration’s account were false.

‘When your version comes out – if you do it – people in Pakistan will be tremendously
grateful,’ Durrani told me. ‘For a long time people have stopped trusting what
comes out about bin Laden from the official mouths. There will be some negative
political comment and some anger, but people like to be told the truth, and
what you’ve told me is essentially what I have heard from former colleagues who
have been on a fact-finding mission since this episode.’ As a former ISI head,
he said, he had been told shortly after the raid by ‘people in the “strategic
community” who would know’ that there had been an informant who had alerted the
US to bin Laden’s presence in Abbottabad, and that after his killing the US’s
betrayed promises left Kayani and Pasha exposed.

The major US source for the account that follows is a retired senior intelligence
official who was knowledgeable about the initial intelligence about bin Laden’s
presence in Abbottabad. He also was privy to many aspects of the Seals’
training for the raid, and to the various after-action reports. Two other US
sources, who had access to corroborating information, have been longtime
consultants to the Special Operations Command. I also received information from
inside Pakistan about widespread dismay among the senior ISI and military
leadership – echoed later by Durrani – over Obama’s decision to go public
immediately with news of bin Laden’s death. The White House did not respond to
requests for comment.

http://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n10/seymour-m-hersh/the-killing-of-osama-bin-laden